A Ranger writes

Our Countryside Rangers have a wealth of knowledge on the places, plants and species that call East Lothian home. In this issue, Ranger Richard English tells us about toothwort.

It’s March and spring is officially here! Birds are singing, all sorts of beasties are getting amorous and the hardier of our wildflowers are starting to risk braving the elements.

One floral species worth looking out for, particularly later in the month, is purple toothwort. This is a strange little plant, with hooded, lilac flowers and no green leaves at all. This lack of greenery hints at a further feature of this species’ lifestyle. It has no chlorophyll and therefore doesn’t photosynthesise – relying instead on parasitising other plants, particularly willow and poplars. It conducts this process by means of underground structures called haustoria. These are like roots or suckers, which can grow around and into other plants and absorb nutrients from them – all very vampiric. The flowers are pollinated by bumblebees and, in late summer, develop into explosive seed pods.

Purple toothwort is a non-native species having been introduced from Europe in the late 1800s. Fortunately, it’s not particularly invasive, so it doesn’t attract the same ire that some non-natives do. As a result, it’s not particularly easy to find, a fact not helped by its habit of lurking in shady undergrowth. This shy, retiring nature is reflected in the species’ scientific name, Lathraea clandestina. Lathraea is Greek for hidden, while, hopefully, the meaning of clandestina will be obvious.

There is one native toothwort in the UK, Lathraea squamaria, or just plain toothwort. Like purple toothwort, it’s parasitic on various trees, although it also has a reputation for growing in soil above buried bodies. This may account for its alternative name of corpse flower, although the name may just be from its flesh-coloured flowers (a much less interesting derivation).

Toothwort is even more elusive than its purple relative, although it can be found in East Lothian, hiding away in deciduous woods, hedgerows and on riverbanks. The flowering stems usually appear a little later than those of purple toothwort and consist of spikes of double-lipped pale purple/pink flowers. Bizarrely, this plant is also capable of producing underground flowers which pollinate themselves.

Both species of are said to derive their names from tooth-like scaly structures on their roots, or in the case of toothwort, from the vaguely toothy appearance of the flowers. However, plant names ending in -wort often denote that the plant was used medicinally and, true to form, toothworts were used to treat toothache. The medical use of purple toothwort is particularly problematic, as it contains several toxic compounds. This may account for the fact that it has also been used as a laxative.

Toothworts are fascinating plants and well worth looking out for. They also have ecological importance beyond providing nectar for pollinators. Purple toothwort has a symbiotic (i.e. mutually beneficial) relationship with several species of fungi which assist the plant in its parasitic ways. Toothwort is less aggressively parasitic than purple toothwort and its host plants seem to derive benefits from its presence. Just one more example, should you need it, of how complex, interconnected and wonderful nature is.

Mud In Your Eye

The latest edition of the Ranger Service newsletter, Mud In Your Eye is available for download here.

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Primary pupils pledge to protect VIP visitors

A green carpet has been rolled out for very special visitors to West Barn Primary School – hedgehogs!

Hedgehog numbers are in decline which also impacts the wider eco-system. Determined to play their part in supporting these VIPs (Very Important Prickles), West Barns Primary School has signed up to Sustaining Dunbar’s Pledgehog Project to secure a ‘Hedgehog Friendly School Award’.

Protect, enhance and educate 

To achieve the accolade the school is working through a hedgehog-friendly toolkit that will see them protect the species, enhance habitats and educate others. They have already completed several activities: creating hedgehog habitats, leaving areas of grass uncut to increase bug life, planting native hedges, creating hedgehog display boards and carrying out litter picks. They will find out in June if they have reached their goal.

West Barns Primary and Sustaining Dunbar are also working closely with our Amenities team to make wildlife friendly improvements to the school grounds. Hedgehogs are susceptible to serious injuries from strimmers so Amenities colleagues check all areas carefully before carrying out their duties.

Amenities team support 

Our Dunbar Depot Manager Gordon Whitelaw says the team is pleased to be involved: “Hedgehogs are crucial for maintaining biodiversity and we’re pleased to play our part in protecting them. We’ve been raising awareness amongst our teams to check for hedgehogs when they’re working in West Barns Primary school’s grounds as well as other areas we look after. We’re delighted to be part of Sustaining Dunbar’s Pledgehog project.”

Sustaining Dunbar’s Jen Walker adds: “It’s fantastic that the school is getting so involved with learning about hedgehogs and doing their bit for hedgehog conservation. These much-loved mammals are now classed as ‘at risk of extinction’, so the work they are doing is important to help this declining species. There are hedgehogs around West Barns so I hope that the school grounds will be a natural haven for them to shelter, feed safely and hopefully breed in the future.”

Top tips for creating hedgehog friendly spaces:

• leaving a small area of your garden to grow wild can attract more bugs for hedgehogs to eat and provide them with somewhere to hide
• avoid pesticides of poisonous chemicals that could harm hedgehogs or other garden visitors – hedgehogs love to eat slugs so poisoned slugs are toxic to them
• be hedgehog aware throughout the year, especially when strimming, before turning over compost heaps or before lighting any bonfires
• plastic litter can be harmful to hedgehogs as can attacks from dogs
• did you know that milk can be bad for hedgehogs? Clean fresh water is best. Meaty hedgehog, cat or dog food or dry cat biscuits is suitable and scattering in a quiet part of your garden can encourage natural foraging

 Check out more tips from WWF or sign your own Pledgehog at Sustaining Dunbar’s website.